Fruit Fly Essay Example for Free

Fruit Fly EssayThis experiment focuses on the make piss bath temperatures have on D. melanogaster disgraceing and retrieve an anoxic coma. It was found that there was an indirect relationship between the amount of prison term it took D. melanogaster to unload and recover from an anoxic coma and the temperature of the water bath. D. melanogaster was able to enter and recover from the anoxia coma quicker when they were drowned in a frigidness water bath condition when comparing these results to the warm water bath condition results. These results delay other research findings that investigated the effects of the water bath temperatures. Also other mechanisms that aid D. melanogaster in being able to successfully survive an anoxia coma were researched and discussed piece of music connecting them to circulating(prenominal) research on human patients with pulmonary diseases. many an(prenominal) animals have developed mechanisms that allow them to sustain anoxia comas for e xtended periods of time with little to no physiologic consequences.This experiment is designed to test the amount of time it takes Drosophila melanogaster to enter and recover from an anoxia coma at different water bath temperatures. The purpose is to generalise the effects temperature has on the organisms ability to enter and survive the anoxia coma, and generalize what body changes allow D. melanogaster to accomplish this feat. The results atomic number 18 then extrapolated to include how current research is using this information to reduce the amount of anoxia related stress humans with pulmonary diseases experience. MethodsEach condition was tested with a separate maven convocation of D. melanogaster (cold bath 8 wing and warm bath 11 flies), and all of the flies used were approximately 1-9 day old males. Each group of D. melanogaster was held in a container that provided adequate nutrients prior to the experiment, and then transferred to a drowning container that held no nutrients. One group of D. melanogaster was put into a cold water bath (3? C) whereas the other group of flies was put into a room temperature bath (24. 5? C).The amount of time it took for the D. elanogaster to stop moving for each condition was save as well as the amount of time it took for the last D. melanogaster to stop moving. Once all movement ceased, the D. melanogasters were left submerged for one hour. Afterwards they were removed from the drowning chambers, and carefully transferred from the drowning chamber to a plastic vial with a like stopper using a paint brush. Each vial was tapped for one minute, with the cotton stopper at the bottom, prior to recording the flies recovery time in order to help dry off the flies.After the initial minute, the time it took for the first and last D. melanogaster to recover (when they started to walk most, not merely flapping their wings) was recorded, and the amount of viable flies at the end of the experiment was also determined. Results The results take that it took considerable more time for the D. melanogaster to recover from the anoxia coma than it took for them to enter the anoxia coma. The average failure time for both conditions was 124. 75 seconds whereas the average recovery time for both conditions was 690. 75 seconds.Also, the temperature of the water bath seems to have a considerable effect on the amount of time it takes for the flies to enter and recover from the anoxia coma. It took the D. melanogasters that were drowned in the cold water bath an average of 22 seconds to enter the anoxia coma, but an average of 244. 5 seconds to recover from the anoxia coma. This same pattern is seen in the D. melanogaster that were drowned in the warm water bath with an average of 227. 5 seconds to enter the anoxia coma, and an average of 1,137 seconds to recover from the anoxia coma.The Q10 value determines how a change of 10? C can increase the rate of chemical processes in an organism, and was calculated for both the failure and recovery conditions of this experiment. The Q10 value provides information about how an organisms metabolism is affected by the temperature of its environment. It was found that the flies had a failure Q10 value of 2. 964 whereas the recovery Q10 value was 2. 044. Figure 1 This shows the average amount of time it took for D. melanogaster to stop moving and enter into a coma as a result of being drowned in the water bath.Figure 2 This shows the average amount of time it took for D. melanogaster to start walking/crawling around again subsequently being removed from the water bath. Discussion An exothermic organisms metabolism exhibits a direct relationship with the temperature of its environment. This means that as the temperature of the organisms environment decreases the rate of its metabolic pathways also decreases. As an exothermic organism, D. melanogaster shows that it is easier to shut down and enter an anoxic coma when in a colder environment as compa red to being in a warmer environment.This shows that when in a cold water bath more mechanisms are working together to aid the organism in entering the anoxic coma. D. melanogaster also showed that is takes significantly more time to recover from an anoxic coma than it takes to enter one irrespective of the water bath temperatures. This delay could be a result of the organism recreating its supply of the metabolites it requires to restore the sodium/potassium channels and enzymes needed for the metabolic pathways which are extremely important in providing movement in D. elanogaster.When leaving an anoxic coma D. melanogaster also has to prevent reactive oxygen stress while reoxygenating after anoxia. Milton (2007) showed that T. scripta have 5 potential sites for this type of prevention up-regulation of protective pathways, increasing antioxidants and decreasing production after reperfusion, and repair, protection, and neurogenesis after the oxidation of proteins, lipids, DNA, and RNA. CO2 and N2 concentrations are cognize to also affect the recovery time.According to Nilson (2006), since chill comas, CO2, and N2 act directly on the transmission of neuronal signals it comes as no surprise that recovery generation increase with an increase of CO2 and N2 exposure. Also Vigne (2009) showed that strong dietary restrictions that are close to starvation conditions can reduce the amount of stress experienced from anoxia recovery. Many organisms are able enter anoxic comas in order to conserve their energy and survive extreme conditions for long periods. Haddad (2006) has shown that D. melanogaster can sustain an anoxia coma for up to 5 hours, and T. cripta have been known to survive 2 days of anoxia with less than 3% cell death upon reoxygenation (Milton, 2007).The human brain fails miserably in equivalence which will die within 10 minutes of a decreased oxygen supply, since humans do not have mechanisms that allow them to freely enter anoxic comas or effectively deal with the stresses it causes on the body. The study of the mechanisms that allow other organisms to be anoxia tolerant can be used to understand the effects of some human conditions, and develop methods that counter their effect. D. elanogaster has been used in numerous research studies because they provide a better model to study noncell-autonomous effects (Azad, 2009). In humans, anoxia is specifically associated with pulmonary diseases such as congenital heart diseases with right to left shunts. Present research is focusing on the effects trehalose, a glucose dimer, has with preventing, or reducing, anoxia related stresses that patients with pulmonary diseases experience. According Azad (2009), transfecting mammalian cells with Drosophila tps 1 gene protects them from anoxia related injury.

There are many threats to global food supplies Essay Example for Free

There are many threats to global food supplies EssayThe food credentials is a potential crisis to the world in terms of food supplies and food safety while the global population is projected to reach 9 one million million by 2050 (Black, 2010). This essay, first of all, leadjust focus on the threats to global food supplies from two primary(prenominal) aspects the threats caused by the objective factors in a broad sense, and the challenges attributed to the subjective factors which tight related to the human behavior.After the analysis of the problems, a number of feasible solutions will be suggested with the implications which will be further discussed accordingly. Although population,conditions of technology and economy, and climate changes seem to be correlated with the human beings, they are both factors which cannot be changed by a simple policy or a short-term plan less than a decade. Therefore, in this essay, they are classified into the objective factors challenging the food supplies. As iscommonly known, population booming will directly lead to the severe shortage of grime and water which are essential to the food production.Weak conditions in terms of technology and economy accelerate the yield gap and aggravate the threat, making the despicable area more vulnerable (Godfray, et al, 2010).Also, extreme weather along with the deterioration of global climate will damage the crops. Climate changes including global warming will change the seasonal patterns of pollination for crops which would influence their production (Slaght, 2012). On the other hand, human factors contain more complicated reasons which are different from nations and industries. Generally, several main reasons can be concluded mismanagement on ecosystems causes the dramatic decline in some species which eventually leads to the reduction of food supply(Slaght, 2012). Along with the regional industrialization, the exportations offruit and vegetables to authentic countries dis place local staple crops, which indirectly impacts the undeveloped areas suffering further from the malnourishment (Slaght, 2012). Besides, food waste during the transportation and processing, retail and home stages comprises a stupendous proportion both in developed and developing countries (Godfray, et al, 2010).

Jungs Theory of Psychological Types

Jungs Theory of psychological causesExplain C.G. Jungs theory of psychological types as a developmental modelAs Anthony Stevens (1990) details, Jungs theory of psychological types has many precedents in psychology and the philosophical system of mind it poop be jawn to be connected to such notions as Hippocrates concept of the four temperaments, its medicalisation in Galens four humours, the ancient Egyptian systems of astrology and the Chinese binaries of Yin and Yang. Jung, however, in his essay A Psychological Theory of Types (1960) despite acknowledging his debt to such systems, stresses the notion that his theory can be distinguished from such intuitive ones through its use of scientific and uninflected understanding, as he statesThe historical retrospect may set our minds at rest as to the fact that our modern efforts to formulate a theory of types ar by no means new and unprecedented, even if our scientific conscience no longer permits us to revert to these old, intuitiv e ways of handling the question.1As this paper shall assert, this image of change and continuity is crucial in understanding how Jungs theory has and can be used as a developmental model to examine not only childhood development entirely that of the entirely lifecycle. Jungs theories on this argona can be seen as a being constantly adapted by himself-importance and others to widening their theoretical importance and, more primary(prenominal)ly perhaps, to broaden their practical application. To this end, this paper is divided into three briny sections the first looks at Jungs theory of psychological types as laid out in texts such as A Psychological Theory of Types (1960), The evolution of nature (1981) and Psychological Types (1983) the second section looks how this was adapted and altered by Isabel Myers and Katherine Briggs (Myers, 2000 Myers, 1962 Bayne, 1997) and lastly, the third and final section details briefly how each of these has been used as a full developmental mod el in practical psychology and developmental science. It is hoped then that this paper represents not only a historical invoice of Jungs theories and how they fit into a developing discipline.Jung describes the raw materials of his theory of types concisely in the introduction to the make up Psychological Types (1983)In my practical fly the coop with nervous patients I have long been struck by the fact that besides the many singular differences in human psychology there are withal typical differences. Two types especially experience clear to me I have termed them the introvert and the outgoinged types.2There are two things of interest in this simple statement firstly, as we have al fixate stated Jung asserts the scientific regularity of his research (his theory arises out of observations in a clinical setting) and secondly, as Stevens (1990) details, Jungs theory of types aims to accommodate both individualist difference and universal quasi(prenominal)ity. The two basic psychological types in Jungs framework, the introvert and extrovert, describe the basic relationship the individual has with the world and the objects around them the extravert is positiond by an outward flowing of libido, and as Fordham (1964) states an interest in events, in people and things, (and has) a relationship with them and a dependence on them.3 The extravert draws energy from the world in which they inhabit and as Jung (1983) states, is more likely to have a ready acceptance of external events and happenings. They also show a need to be influenced by events happening to them and will have moral and ethical leanings that gravitate towards the collective4. The extravert is likely to be more willing to share views, to engage with others and to see their ideas as existing within a network of influencing factors (Shamdasani, 2003 68).Conversely, the introvert presents us with the reversion view, as Fordham (1964) detailsThe retract attitude, in contrast, is one of withdraw al the libido flows inward and is concentrated upon subjective factors, and the predominating influence is inner necessity. When this attitude is habitual Jung speaks of an introverted type.5The introverted type, then, is happiest alone, in their own company (to use Jungs own phrase), draws energy from solitude, is more likely to formulate their own ethical judgements and frameworks, has a tendency towards pessimism and anxiety and finds safety and warmth with other people only when security has been established and the relationship boundaries have been fixed (Jung, 1983 142-5).As we can see here, Jungs basic taxonomy recognised only two general types and each of these corresponded to the individuals interaction with themselves and the world about them. In his work Psychological Types, however, Jung also characterises four basic psychological functions that he lists as thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition. Each of these functions, taken as individual tropes and as two pairs of binaries (thinking/feeling and spotting/intuiting) enables us to frame not only the two basic types per se but how they are manifested in situation and behaviour. The two basic types and the four functions can be combined to form a series of octonary major psychological types that serve to define and characterise an individuals psychic tendency (Extraverted thinking, Introverted thinking, Extraverted feeling, Introverted feeling and so on). As Jung explains, this grouping was seen more as a flexible framework than a rigid method of pseudo-scientifically condensing the richness and breadth of humans as a species.As Stevens (1991) details, although these initial eight types have been expanded upon and used as the basis for psychometric testing, Jungs interest in them was largely clinical, his writings outline how they can be used to understand the ways in which individuals match to their environment and how clinical and pedagogical strategies can be formulated to best work with a n individuals own behaviour. As Knox (2003) suggests, the eight basic types of Jungian theory can be seen more as a method of classification than a developmental model. Whereas Jungs concept of the archetypal lifecycle employed similar processes of taxonomy (the notion of life stages for instance) it was Isabel Myers and her mother Katherine Briggs who were to take Jungs work and fully utilise it as a developmental model.As Myers (2000) details, the Myers-Briggs model expanded on Jungs original thesis by adopting and adapting the concepts of the dominant and the auxiliary functions, this allows for the types to be seen, not so much as a series of binaries, but as a set of dichotomies that can be used to measure the relative make up of personality types within each individual. This resulted in an expansion of the eight types to sixteen, each of which was assigned a series of letters that allowed psychologists to formulate questionnaires and to calibrate results, as Myers herself deta ilsJungs theory and the 16 MBTI types do not define static boxes instead, they describe dynamic energy systems with interacting processes.6The Myers-Briggs adaptation of Jungs original types made it possible for them to be used in more general, non-clinical situations (Waktins and Campbell, 2000). The sixteen types in the Myers-Briggs system have specific characteristic traits that can be used as a developmental model, not only in terms of how the individual may react to the changing life stages outlined by Jung (childhood, adolescence, early maturity, mid-life transition, middle age, late life transition, late maturity, death Stevens, 1990 62) but also in terms of the challenges that face individuals everyday. Myers (2000) for instance outlines the ISTJ individual (Introverted Sensing with Extraverted Thinking) as havinga strong sense of responsibility and great loyalty to organisations, families and relationships in their lives. They work with steady energy to fulfil commitments as stated and on time. They go to almost any trouble to complete something they see as necessary but baulk at doing anything that doesnt make sense to them.7Myers (2000) places such descriptions within a developmental context that highlights problems and potential areas for growth, asserting for instance that ISTJ personalities can sire rigid about time, schedules and procedures and find it difficult to delegate (Myers, 2000 14). Alternatively, those classified as ENFP (Extraverted Intuition with Introverted Feeling) can be described as innovative, stimulated by new people, see connections where others dont and are likely to be curious, creative, imaginative and spontaneous. In terms of personal development, however, they can become frustrated become scattered, have trouble focusing (and) be easily distracted (Myers, 2000 21).We can see how the Myers-Briggs model not only adapts the taxonomy of Jungs original classification but also expands its uses employing it far more as a gene ral developmental model than a clinical tool, as Allen and Brock (2003) state(The MBTI is) a tool for assessing those individual differences and has given millions of people a positive understanding of their own patterns of communication as well as an understanding of the mutual usefulness of differences.8As McCaulley (2000) suggests, Myers-Briggs Type Indicators can be used a developmental and psychometric model in many areas of counselling and development to determine such things as instruct styles, lifestyle strategies and methods of dealing with challenges and life situations. The development of type is a process that continues throughout ones life youth is seen as the stage in which we develop the dominant and auxiliary functions that form a major part of ones personality, midlife allows us to develop and set the third and fourth functions and the latter(prenominal) stages of life allow us to adopt a lifestyle that is in conjunction with our own type preferences. As McCaully (2000) states, here Jungs theory of psychological types and his theory of the developing lifestyle can be seen to coincide, with the latter being able to be used as a way that individuals can carry on the former. Psychological types, especially as they were framed and described by Isabel Myers and Katherine Briggs, can be used as a basis with which to formulate strategies that aid in the transition from one life stage to another. As a developmental model then it seeks to be both descriptive and curative. Isabel Myers saw the a whole range of uses for Jungian psychological types as a developmental model, most notably in the area of education and child development, for instance she states thatIt is particularly important to apply the ethics and values of type to relationships with children. Often in trying to meet a childs needs, adults assume that what has worked best for them will also work best for the child. Lack of validation or acceptance of ones preferences as a child can lead to low self esteem, defiance or adaptation of that creates strain.9The Jungian based MBTI developmental model has been used by all manner of different disciplines from management practice (Davidson Frame, 2003, Bess, 1995) to education (Morgan, 1997) from organisational theory (Schneider and Smith, 2004) to religion (Watts, Nye and Savage, 2002). Its use by such a wide variety of fields is surly a reflection of its place as a model that seeks to understand both individuated personality and universal archetypes. Also, as we have seen, it is a theory is constant evolution and one that is being utilised by an ever growing range of academic and practical disciplines.ReferencesAllen, J and Brock, S (2003), Health Care Communication Using Personality Types Patients Are Different, capital of the United Kingdom Routledge.Bayne, R (1997), The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator A Critical Review and Practical Guide, capital of the United Kingdom Nelson Thornes.Bess, J (1995), Creative R and D Leade rship, London Quorum Books.Davidson, Frame, J (2003), Managing Projects in Organisations, London Jossey Bass.Fordham, F (1964), An Introduction to Jungs Psychology, London Pelican.Jung, C.G (1960), Modern Man in Search of a Soul, London Harvester.Jung, C.G (1991), The Development of Personality, London Routledge.Jung. C.G (1983), Jung Selected Writings, London Fontana.Knox, J (2003), Archetype, Attachment, analytic thinking Jungian Psychology and the Emergent Mind, London Brunner-Routledge.McCaulley, M (2000), The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator in Counselling published in Watkins, E and Campbell, V (2000), Testing and estimation in Counselling, London Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 111-174.Morgan, H (1997), Cognitive Styles and Classroom Learning, London Praeger.Myers, I (1964), The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, London Consultant Psychologists Press.Myers. I (2000), Introduction to Type, London OPP.Schneider, B and Smith, D.B (2004), Personality and Organisations, London Lawrence Er lbaum Associates.Shamdasani, S (2003), Jung and the Making of Modern Psychology, Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Stevens, A (1990), On Jung, London Penguin.Watkins, E and Campbell, V (eds) (2000), Testing and Assessment in Counselling, London Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Watts, F, Nye, R and Savage, S (2002), Psychology for Christian Ministry, London Routledge.1Footnotes1 C.G. Jung (1960), A Psychological Theory of Types, published in Modern man in Search of a Soul, London Harvester, p. 832 C.G. Jung (1983), Psychological Types, published in Jung Selected Writings, London Fontana, p.1293 Frieda Fordham (1964), An Introduction to Jungs Psychology, London Pelican, p.29.4 See for instance Jungs assertion that the extraverts philosophy of life and his ethics are as a rule of a highly collective nature with a strong streak of altruism, and his conscience is in large measure dependant on public opinion. (Jung, 1983 141)5 Fordham (1964), p. 30.6 Isabel Myers (2000), Introduction to Typ e, London OPP, p.77 Myers (2000), p.148 Judy Allen and Susan Brock (2003), Health Care Communication Using Personality Types Patients Are Different, London Routledge, p.79 Myers (2000), p.36

Factor Language Model Programming

Factor Language stick ProgrammingLanguage ModelLanguage ideal stand bys a speech recognizer figure come forth how likely a get hold back sequence is, independent of acoustics. T here is a linguistic and statistical fire to calculate the probability. The linguistic technique tries to understand the syntactical and semantic body structure of a language and derive the probabilities of condition sequences using this knowledge. The ch entirelyenge here is to have proper co fact statistics of the unit of recognition. The approach in rehearse evaluates a huge text corpus in a statistical way and intelligence activity transitions. Current language models make no use of the syntactic properties of natural language but rather use very simple statistics such as countersignature co-occurrences. Recent results show that incorporating syntactic constraints in a statistical language model reduces the pronounce misapprehension rate on a conventional dictation task by 10% M.S.Salam, 2 009.Proposed Language ModelThe approach proposed here uses factored language model which incorporates the geomorphological knowledge. Factored language models have recently been proposed for incorporating morphological knowledge in the modeling lexicon. As suffix and compound language ar the cause of the growth of the vocabulary, a logical creative thinker is to split the row into shorter units.The language model proposed in this look into is base on morphology. A morphological analyser obtains and verifies the internal structure of a condition over complete word form Rosenfield, 2000. Building a morphological analyser for highly inflecting, agglutinative languages is a ch eitherenging task. It is very difficult to build a high performance analyser for such languages. The main idea here is to divide a given word form into a stem and single suffix.Morphology plays a much greater role in Telugu. An inflected Telugu word starts with a stem and may have suffix(s) added to the right according to complex rules of saMdhi. This re calculate proposes a new info structure based on Inverted Index and an efficient algorithmic program for accessing its elements. Few researchers have used tries for efficient retrieval from dictionary, earlier. This research kick the bucket is different from earlier work in two waysa) variation to the structure of trieb) the method of identifying and combining flexures.Modified Trie StructureA trie is a tree based data structure for storing depicts in order to support fast pattern matching. A trie T re states the strings of narrow down S of n strings with paths from stemma to the external boss of T. Fig 5.1 Original Trie StructureThe trie considered here is different from standard trie in two ways1) A standard trie does not wholeow a word to be prefix of another, but the proposed trie structure every(prenominal)ows a word to be prefix of another word. The node structure and search algorithm withal is given according to t his new property.2) Each word in a standard trie ends at an external node, where as in the modified trie a word may end at either an external node, or the internal node. Irrespective of whether the word ends at internal node or external node, the node stores the index of the associated word in the occurrence cite.The node structure is changed such that, each node of the trie is represented by a triplet C,R,Ind.C represents role stored at that node. R represents whether the concatenation of characters from root till that node forms a meaningful stem word. Its value is 1, if characters from root node to that node form a stem, 0 otherwise.Ind represents index of the occurrence list. Its value depends on the value of R. Its value is -1 (negative 1), if R=0, indicating it is not a valid stem. So no index of occurrence list matches with it. If R=1, its value is index of occurrence list of associated stem.Fig 5.2 Modified Trie StructureAdvantages relative to binary search treeThe followi ng be the main advantages of tries overbinary search trees(BSTs)Looking up fundamentals is faster. Looking up a key of lengthmtakes worst caseO(m) time. A BST performs O(log(n)) similes of keys, wherenis the number of elements in the tree, because lookups depend on the foresight of the tree, which is logarithmic in the number of keys if the tree is balanced. Hence in the worst case, a BST takes O(mlogn) time. Moreover, in the worst case log(n) result approachm. Also, the simple operations tries use during lookup, such as array indexing using a character, are fast on real machines.Tries can require less space when they endure a large number of short strings, because the keys are not stored explicitly and nodes are shared between keys with common initial subsequences.Tries facilitatinglongest-prefix matching, helping to find the key sharing the longest possible prefix of characters all unique.Corpus structure of proposed Language ModelThe corpus consists of the following modules Stem word dictionaryThis accommodates all the stems of the language. Stem word dictionary is implemented as an Inverted Index for better efficiency. The Inverted index will have the following two data structures in it1) Occurrence list It is an array of equates, 2) Stem trie consisting of stem speech communicationOccurrence list is constructed based on the grammar of the language, where each entry of the list contains the pair (ii) Inflection DictionaryThis dictionary contains the list of all possible inflections of the Telugu language. Each entry of Stem word dictionary lists the indexes of this dictionary to indicate which all inflections are possible with that stem.The proposed corpus structure helps in reducing the corpus size drastically. Every stem word may have number of inflections possible. If the inflected words are stored as it is, then corpus size would be m*n, where m is number of stem words and n is number of inflections. Instead of storing all the inflected words, the proposed corpus structure stores stem words and inflections separately, and handles the inflected words through morphology. Hence the corpus size required is for m stem words and n inflections i.e., m+n. Thus there is a great reduction in the corpus size. For a corpus of 1000 stem words and 10 inflections, the required corpus size is 1000+10=1010, which otherwise would have required 1000*10=10000.Fig 5.3 Corpus structure of proposed Language ModelTextual Word subdivisionation using Proposed Language ModelThe proposed language model is used to develop a textual word segmenter. A word segmenter is used to divide the given inflected word into a stem and single inflection. This is required as the corpus stores stems and inflections separately.Input the word segmenter is an Inflected word. Syllabifier takes this word and divides the word into syllables and identifies if the letter is a vowel or a consonant. After applying the rules syllabified form of the input will be obtained. On ce the process of syllabification is d hotshot, this will be taken up by the analyzer. Analyzer separates the stem and inflection interpreter of the given word. This stem word will be validated by examine it with the stem words present in stem dictionary. If the stem word is present, then the inflection of the input word will be compared with the inflections present in inflection dictionary of the given stem word. If both the inflections get matched then it will directly displays the output otherwise it takes the allow inflection(s) through comparison and then displays.Syllabification is the separation of the words into syllables, where syllables are considered as phonological building blocks of words. It is dividing the word in the way of our pronunciation. The separation is marked by hyphen. In the morphological analyzer, the main objective is to divide the given word into root word and the inflection. For this, we divide the given input word into syllables and we compare the s yllables with the root words and inflections to get the root word and appropriate inflection.Fig 5.4 Block diagram of Word Segmentr for textSteps for word segmentationReceiving the inflected word as an input from the exploiter.Syllabify the inputAnalyze the input and validating the stem word.Identify the appropriate inflection for the given stem word by comparing the inflection of given word with the inflections present in inflection dictionary of the stem word.Displaying the appropriate inflected word.For example, considering the word nAnnagariki (-) meaning to father, the input is given the user in Roman transliteration format. This input is basically divided into lexemes as directly, the array is processed which gives the type of lexeme by applying the rules of syllabification one by one.Applying come up 1 No two vowels come together in Telugu literature.The given user input does not have two vowels together. Hence this rule is meet by the given user input. The output after ap plying this rule is same as above. If the rule is not satisfied, an error message is displayed that the given input is incorrect. Now the array is c v c c v c v c v c vApplying line up 2 initial and final consonants in a word go with the first and last vowel respectively.Telugu literature rarely has the words which end up with a consonant. mostly all the Telugu words end with a vowel. So this rule does not mean the consonant that ends up with the string, but it means the last consonant in string. The diligence of this rule2 changes the array as followingc v c c v c v c v c vcv c c v c v c v cvThis generated output is further processed by applying the other rules.Applying Rule 3 VCV The C goes with the right vowel.The string wherever has the form of VCV, then this rule is applied by dividing it as V CV. In the above rule the consonant is connectd with the vowel, but here in this rule the consonant is combined with the right vowel and separated from the odd vowel. To the output generated by the application of rule2, this rule is applied and the output will be as cv c c v c v c v cvcv c c v cv cv cvThis output is not yet completely syllabified, one more than rule is to be applied which finishes the syllabification of the given user input word.Applying Rule 4 Two or more Cs between Vs First C goes to the left and the rest to right.It is the string which is in the form of VCCC*V, then according to this rule it is split as VC CC*V. In the above output VCCV in the string can be syllabified as VC CV. Then the output becomescv c c v cv cv cv cvc cv cv cv cvNow this output is converted to the respective consonants and vowels. Thus giving the complete syllabified form of the given user input.nAn na cA ri ku cvc cv cv cv cvHence, for the given user input, nAnnagAriki, the generated syllabified form is, nAn na gA ri ki.Fig 5.5 Word Segmenter showing an inflected word without change in stem formFig 5.6 W ord Segmenter showing an inflected word with a change in stem formSCIL bringing Corrector for Indian LanguagesIn inflectional language every word consists of one or several morphemes into which the word can be segmented. The approach used here aims at reducing the above mentioned problem of having a very huge corpus for good recognition accuracy. It exploits the characteristic of Telugu language that every word consists of one or several morphemes into which the word can be segmented.SCIL is a procedureTo deal with complex word formsapplied after recognitionUsing which misrecognized words are correctedArchitecture of SCILThe design of Speech Corrector for Indian Languages, consists of the Syllable Identifier, Phone Sequence Generator, Word Segmenter, and Morpho- Syntactic Analyzer modules. Input speech is decoded by a normal ASR system which gives the identified word as a string. The sequence of phones would be the input to the Word Segmenter module which matches the phonetized in put with the root words stored in dictionary module, and generates a possible set of root words. Morpho-Syntactic Analyzer compares the inflection part of the point out with the possible inflections list from the database and gives correct inflection. This will be given to Morph Analyzer to apply morpho-syntactic rules of the language and gives the correct inflected word.Fig 5.7 Block diagram of SCILi) Syllable IdentifierSyllable identifier marks the rough boundaries of the syllables and labels them. At this stage , we get list of syllables separated with hyphen. The user input is syllabified and this would be the input to the next module. E.g. dE-vA-la-yA-kuii) Phone Sequence GeneratorAs the words in the dictionary are stored at phone level transcription, this module generates the phone sequences from the syllables. E.g. d-E-v-A-l-a-y-A-k-uiii) Word SegmentorThis module compares the phonetized input from starting with the root words stored in dictionary module and lists the possib le set of root words. The possible root word is dEvAlayamu.iv) DictionaryDictionary contains stems and inflections separately. It does not store inflected words as it is very difficult, if not impossible, to cover all inflected words of the language. The database consists of 2 dictionariesStem DictionaryInflection DictionaryStem dictionary contains the stem words of the language, signal information for that stem which includes the sequence and mess of that utterance and list of indices of inflection dictionary which are possible with that stem word.Inflection Dictionary contains the inflections of the language, signal information for that inflection which includes the duration and location of that utterance. Both the dictionaries are implemented using trie structure in order to reduce the search space.v) Morpho Syntactic AnalyzerThis module compares the inflection part of the signal with the possible inflections list from the database and gives correct inflection. This will be giv en to Morph Analyzer to apply morpho-syntactic rules of the language and gives the correct inflected word.Post Recognition functionCapture the utterance, an isolated inflected word.Get its syllabified form.Generate phone sequence from the syllabified word.Compare the phone sequences with stem words in the dictionary and identify the stem.Segment the word into stem and inflection.Get the list of possible inflections.Compare the inflection signals possible with that stem one by one and apply morpho-syntactic rules of the language to combine stem and inflection.Display the inflected word.Using the rules the possible set of root words are combined with possible set of inflections and the obtained results are compared with the given user input and the nearest possible root word and inflection are displayed if the given input is correct. If the given input is not correct then the inflection part of the given input word is compared with the inflections of that particular root word and ide ntifies the nearest possible inflection and combines the root word with those identified inflections, applies sandhi rules and displays the output. When there is more than one root word or more than one inflection has minimum edit distance then the model will display all the possible options. User can choose the correct one from that. For example, when the given word is pustakaMdO (), the inflections tO making it pustakaMtO () meaning with the book and lO making it pustakaMlO () meaning in the book) mis are possible. Present work will list both the words and user is given the option. We are working on improving this by selecting the appropriate word based on the context.SCIL AlgorithmW=Utterance.wavSyl=SyllableIdentifier(W)Phone=phonetizer(Syl)Stem=getStem(Syl)Infl=getInflections(Stem)While (not exactMatch)word=MorphAnalyzer(stem,inflMatch)display wordStopWorking of SCILOnce possible root words identified the given word is segmented into two parts, first being the root word and seco nd part inflection. Now the inflection part is compared in the reverse direction for a match in the inflection dictionary. It will consider only the inflections that are mentioned against the possible root words, thus reducing the search space and making the algorithm faster.For example consider nAnnagariki (-) meaning to father, is misrecognized as nAn-na-cA-ri-ku () then SCIL is applied and will correct the recognition error as followsThe output from ASR is nAn-na-cA-ri-ku. The phone sequence generator will generate the phone sequence as n-A-n-n-a-c-A-r-i-k-u. Now, match it with the set of root words stored in dictionary module. This process will identify the possible set of root words from the Stem dictionary as followsOnce possible root words identified the given word is segmented into two parts, first being the root word and second part inflection. Now the inflection part is compared for a match in the inflection dictionary. It will consider only the inflections that are mentio ned against the possible root words, thus reducing the search space and making the algorithm faster.Possible set of inflections in inflections dictionaryAfter getting the possible set of root words and possible set of inflections they are combined with the help of SaMdhi formation rules. Here in this example cA-ri-ku is compared with the inflections of the root word nAnnaAfter comparing it identifies gAriki as the nearest possible inflection and combines the root word with the inflection and displays the output as nAnnagAriki.ConclusionsLanguage model proposed in this work results in reduction in corpus size by using factored approach. The search process is fastened by use of trie based structure. A change to standard trie is proposed.A post recognition procedure SCIL, is designed which uses the proposed language model and corrects the words misrecognized at inflections. The approach is tested using 1500 speech samples. These samples consist of 100 distinct words , each word repeate d 3 propagation and recorded by 5 speakers in the age group 18-50. It is implemented as a speaker dependent system. An average model is built from the third utterances of each word for each speaker. Each speaker is given a unique ID, using which average model of that speaker is used for testing.

How Does Motivation Affect Performance?

How Does Motivation Affect Performance?This literature analyse triesto examine how locomote indigence affects the conjecture surgical process at heart an memorial tablet. Work penury after part be divided in two types of motive called inalienable and alien indigence. Intrinsic motif is pauperization that comes from a someone within and alien motivating is motivation on materially addresss.There argon a lot of aspects which brook crop / create the take shape motivation within an administration. Out this research there can be said that interests, enjoyment, salary and power can influence the extend motivation of employees. When managers want to broadside the motivation, they can subroutine self-reports over time. After a layover the managers can comp ar the two points with each other.Job proceeding can just alike(p) work motivation divided in designate and contextual military operation. The act can simply be mensurable over time. After a proper(postnom inal) period they can see if the cognitive process of an employee is increased or decreased. There ar found some variables that influence the line of descent mathematical operation. The most important variables be enjoy, interests, money and power. All four of these variables sport a validating influence on the hypothesise death penalty but all four in another(prenominal) look.In this study there be some aspects which could have influence on the relationship surrounded by work motivation and contrast implementation. beginning(a) wrap up all there can be said that the relation between work motivation and job implementation is official.There are two combinations which are enkindle. First, the relation between subjective motivation and task process is interesting. When employees are unalienableally propel the task performance of employees leave behind increase. Second, the relation between extrinsic rewards and performance is interesting. When employees happen an extrinsic reward like money ore promotion, their performance leave alone in any case increase.Conclusively, there can be said that motivation has a positivist exit on the job performance of employees within an organization. Both intrinsic as extrinsic motivation have a controlling influence on the job performance. Managers can use this information within an organization to motivate the employees. This leave alone eventually increases the job performance of those employeesPrefaceChapter 1 initiationThis dissertation will analyze how work motivation can affect the work performance of employees in an organization. There are a large fare of aspects that contributes to the success of an organization. For an organization it is very important that good deal are make. If the employees of an organization are motivated their interests, attitude and performance will improve during work hours (Locke 2004). more(prenominal)over the performance is similarly an aspect that contribute s to the success of an organization. The main mark of an organization is to make profit. An organization can only make profit if the employees of that special organization can achieve their goals (Beal 2005). This dissertation will analyze how employers can influence the job performance of their employees and if this will influence the success of an organization.As said above, this thesis will focus on the connection between work motivation and job performance and how they influence the success of an organization. A large amount of researchers use two various types of motivation. Researchers agree that there is an intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation by employees. Intrinsic motivation means acting from inside and this is inherently connected with enjoy and interest (Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. 2000b). Extrinsic motivation is acting in specific way that lead to a valuable added value (Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. 2000b). This is why this thesis will sapidity at the divers(pr enominal) types of motivation (especially intrinsic and extrinsic motivation).If the two types of motivation and job performance are discussed the link between work motivation and job performance can be found. Is there a positive or blackball link between work performance and job motivation? How does work motivation influences the job performance? Those questions will be answered during this thesis.Problem statementHow does work motivation affect the job performance of employees in an organization?Research QuestionsWhat are the theoretical approaches of work motivation?Which different perspectives of job performance are authentic by researchers?How do work motivation and job performance influence each other?Methodology harmonise to Sekaran and Bougie (2009) there are different ways to collect data. The type of research that will be utilize for this thesis is a descriptive research. This thesis is a literature study which means that secondary sources will be researched. Analysis o f different variables will be the basis for additional empirical research. Recent empirical research will be used to analyze the subjects of this thesis. By using scientifically papers the data can be found. The concepts of this research are work motivation, job performance and the link between work motivation and job performance. mental synthesisThe main goal of this paper is to analyze how work motivation affects the job performance of employees within an organization.This paper is subdivided in triplet chapters. In the premiere chapter answers will be found about work motivation. What is work motivation and how does motivation influences employees? The main subject of the second chapter will be job performance. For example questions regarding job performance are, what is job performance, what influences job performance within an organization? The third and last chapter will bring work motivation and job performance together. In this chapter work motivation and job performance w ill be combined. The main question of this chapter will be Does work motivation influence job performance and what will be the benefits within an organization?Chapter 2 Work motivationEach organization has employees who work for that organization. When employees are motivated, they are enjoyable and they are more interested in their jobs (Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. 2000b). A large amount of researchers agree in the concept work motivation. This chapter will can an analysis of the two types of work motivation. The first part of this chapter work motivation will be discussed. The second part of this chapter intrinsic and extrinsic motivation will be explained and the last part of this chapter provides the exploit of those types of motivation.A large amount of researchers researched the concept work motivation. According to Pinder (1998) work motivation is a set of energetic forces that invent both(prenominal) inside as well as outside an exclusives being, to initiate work-related b ehavior and to take root its machinateion, intensity, and duration. Ambrose Kulik (1999) argues that work motivation is invisible, internal and hypothetical. A complement of the researchers above Pinder (1998) argues that energetic forces have a great influence on the work motivation of employees. Atkinson (1964) agrees with Pinder (1998). Atkinson (1964) argues that work motivation has a lot to do with the psychological process of employees. Seen these researchers there can be said that work motivation has to do with the psychological process. The psychological process of employees is invisible and internal.Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivationAs said above, work motivation is a psychological process which is invisible and internal, but there is excessively dichotomy of motivation called intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (Porter and Lawler 1968). This study was developed in 1968 but silence these two types of motivation are used in the literature ( poise 2008).In the forward paragraph the two types of motivation are mentioned. Researchers (Porter and Lawler 1968, Steel 2008) have found two different types of work motivation. The following paragraphs will discuss intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.Intrinsic motivationThe last decades a large amount of researchers investigated the concepts intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. According to Calder and Staw (1975) motivation is intrinsic if an activity is undertaken for someone who leads immediate satisfaction. Van Yperen and Hagendoorn (2003) argue that motivation is intrinsic when people perform an activity for itself which bring them satisfaction. Van Yperen and Hagendoorn (2003) agree with Calder and Staw (1975) but they add that satisfaction is inherent to enjoy. Steele (2008) argues that intrinsic motivation could include involvement in demeanoral patterns, thought processes, action and activity or reaction for its own importance.The previous paragraph describes that intrinsic motivation incr eases the satisfaction and enjoyment of employees. Deci (1971) argues that there are two ways to measure intrinsic motivation. The first way is to measure the free choice. An example for the free choice is do what you want to do and dont look to somebody else. The second way of measuring intrinsic motivation is the use of self-reports of interest and enjoyments of a specific activity. An example for the self-report method is a questionnaire under employees. This way of measuring intrinsic motivation is most often used for experimental studies (Ryan, 1982). Loewenstein (1999) agrees with Deci (1971). Loewenstein (1999) also found two ways of measuring intrinsic motivation. Loewenstein (1999) uses almost the same levels just like Deci (1971) doesThrough a persons self-report of how interesting and enjoyable the task is.Through the behavioral measures of choice of, and amount of time engaged with, the task during a free-choice period in which there are no extrinsic rewards or incentive s associated with choosing or engaging in the task.The two measurement methods of Loewenstein (1999) and Deci (1971) have a positive match. They both have found two ways to measure intrinsic motivation.During this paragraph the researchers mentioned two different ways of methods to measure intrinsic motivation. There can be said that these two measurement methods can be used for intrinsic motivation. If managers use these two methods they can find conflicts in intrinsic motivation at employees over a period. The outcomes can help managers to understand the intrinsic motivation of his employees.All of the researchers mentioned above agree with the concept that intrinsic motivation is motivation that comes from within a person. Intrinsic motivation also gives people more satisfaction and enjoy. When employees are intrinsically motivated their satisfaction and enjoyment for work increases. another(prenominal) type of motivation is extrinsic motivation. The following paragraphs will an alyze the conceptsExtrinsic motivationWhere intrinsic motivation is motivation from within a person, extrinsic motivation relates to impertinent values. This is the mean difference with intrinsic motivation. Just like intrinsic motivation, a lot of research has been done about extrinsic motivation.Osterloh (2002) argues that extrinsic motivation occurs when employees are able to satisfy their needs indirectly, most importantly through a financial compensation. Money is a goal which provides satisfaction independent of the veridical activity itself. Ryan and Deci (2000) argue that extrinsic motivation is motivation that gives an external value. External values can be salary, holidays and other working conditions.Researchers (Deci Ryan, 2000 Ryan Deci, 2007) have found three types of extrinsic motivation that can be ordered by the self-determination theory. The Self-determination theory (SDT) is a motivational theory that can be used for understanding individuals motivation (Deci Ryan, 2000 Ryan Deci, 2007). By doing research (Pelletier, L. G., Sarrazin, P. 2007) on this framework several studies have shown that extrinsic motivation is significantly related to performance (Boich-e, Sarrazin, Grouzet, Pelletier, Chanal, 2008). There are three levels in the self- determination theory. From lower to higher levels of self-determination, there are external regulation, introjections and identification.The first level is the external regulation (Deci Ryan, 2000 Ryan Deci, 2007). This is behaviour that is regulated through external means like rewards and constraints. For example I study the night before exams, be originator my parents force me to. The second level is the introjected regulation (Deci Ryan, 2000 Ryan Deci, 2007). This level explains that the individual begins to acquire the reasons of the persons action. For example I study the night before exams because thats what good students are supposed to do. The third and last level is Identification (Deci Ryan, 2000 Ryan Deci, 2007) Identification is the behaviour that becomes valued and judged important for the individual, and especially that it is perceived as chosen by oneself. For example Ive chosen to study tonight because it is something important for me.Seen the analysis given above, there can be said that extrinsic motivation is motivation that points to external rewards like money and holidays. Managers can use this information for their employees. If a manager values that his employee isnt motivated enough, he can try to use external rewards to increase the employees extrinsic motivation.Effect of intrinsic and extrinsic motivationThe previous paragraphs provided an analysis of intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. The following paragraphs will provide information about the effect of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.Effect of intrinsic motivationResearchers have found that a positive effect on a persons motivation increases the intrinsic motivation. Krai ger, Billings, Isen (1989) argue that a positive affect increases peoples enjoyment and interest of interesting activities. Another study found that the positive effect increases the valence of moderately desirable rewards (Erez Isen, 2002).Intrinsic motivation does not only affect the enjoyment and interests. It also affects the satisfaction and the performance during working hours (Erez Isen, 2002 Isen, Daubman, Nowicki, 1987 Staw Barsade, 1993). Vansteenkiste (2004) argues that people who are intrinsically motivated during reading material and other work activities achieve a remedy performance during performance appraisals than people who are extrinsically motivated.Through years scientists have found a positive effect between motivation and the intrinsic motivation. Scientists agree that satisfaction and performance increases the intrinsic motivation. If an employee in an organization is intrinsically motivated, his satisfaction and performance at work will increase. Manag ers can use this information about the effect of intrinsic motivation. Managers need to motivation employees intrinsically. If they do that the performance and satisfaction will increase (Staw Barsade, 1993).Effect of extrinsic motivationIn the previous paragraph the effects of intrinsic motivation are discussed. Managers can use external rewards to increase the extrinsic motivation but what is the effect of those rewards on extrinsic motivation? This paragraph will provide information about the effect of extrinsic motivation on employees of an organization.Research on intrinsic motivation has demonstrated that extrinsic rewards can have a banish effect on intrinsic motivation (Daniel Esser, 1980 deCharms, 1968 Hess, Sandelands, 1980). As we see, this is an older study and researchers from the last decades have found new information about the effect of extrinsic motivation.A large amount of theories in affable sciences have found a relationship between extrinsic motivation and human attitude. one(a) of these theories is the Economic Exchange Theory (Constant, (2001) D, Kiesler, S (1998), and Sproull, L. 1994). This theory explains how people shape their attitudes by analyzing the consistencies of their own behaviour. The theory explains that people behave in a specific way because they feel that the consequences of their own behaviour will bring more rewards of a certain benefits and these rewards and benefits will offset their behaviour (Constant, (2001) D, Kiesler, S (1998)., and Sproull, L. 1994).According to Steel (2008) the extrinsic factors that can influence motivation can include circumstances, situations, rewards or punishment. Those influences can be tangible and intangible. Steel (2008) argues that tangible benefits are monetary rewards and prizes. intangible asset benefits include recognition, adoration and praise.In the last decades a large amount of researchers researched the effect of extrinsic motivation. In the eighties and nineties res earchers found a blackball effect between extrinsic rewards and intrinsic motivation. Researchers agreed that for example a higher salary had a minus effect on the performance or satisfaction. The last decades Kiesler (1998), Sproull (1994) en Steel (2008) have found a positive affect between extrinsic factors that influence extrinsic motivation. External rewards affect the extrinsic motivation.ConclusionTo answer the question mentioned in chapter 1, a lot of research has been done during this chapter. During this chapter two different types of motivation were found called intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is that intrinsic motivation comes from within a person and extrinsic motivation is based on the motivation of external rewards like money and power (Ryan and Deci 2000). Also the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are discussed. The outcomes during this research were that external rewards increase the intrin sic motivation and that intrinsic motivation influences the motivation and satisfaction. Many studies have found that an extrinsic award can subvert intrinsic motivation for specific tasks (Deci, Koestner, Ryan, 1999). Intrinsic motivation is considered to conjure up psychological feelings of personal interests but extrinsic motivation can boycott your interests. Extrinsic rewards are for example money and power (Deci, Koestner, Ryan, 1999). Both approaches of motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic) have an effect on the work motivation. An employee needs intrinsic motivation to create enough satisfaction and performance but he/she also needs extrinsic motivation to have enough power and to earn enough money. A combination of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation has a positive effect on the work motivation.Chapter 3 Job performanceIn an organization, job performance is essential for the turnover and profit of an organization. When the performance of the employees from an organization is low, the turnover and profit will be lower than the performance of the employees is high. Mangers can raise employees of the performance is too low and can promote employees if the performance is high. According to Greenhaus Parasuraman (1993) managers from an organization can have influence on the performance of employees. A good manager can make the performance of his employees better so that he does not have to fire employees.Task and contextual performanceAs mentioned in the introduction of this paper, job performance is the performance of a person at work. The last decades, researchers investigated job performance. First job performance was directly connected with task performance. Borman and Motowidlo (1993, 1997) expanded the domain of job performance to include contextual performance. Gellatly Irving (2001) agree with Borman and Motowidlo (1993, 1997). They found that job performance can be divided in task performance and contextual performance. Nowadays job performanc e can be divided in both task and contextual performance. According to Motowidlo, Borman, Schmit (1997) job performance is a dynamic multidimensional construct that refers to employees behaviors at work that directly or indirectly champion organizational goals. Motowidlo (1997) also argues that job performance is a multidimensional construct which can be divided in two general levels. The first level is task performance and the second level is contextual performance. Williams Anderson (1991) argue that task performance is related to an employees contribution to organizational performance. Gellatyl Irving (2001) agree with Williamson Anderson (1991). Gellatyl Irving (2001) argue that task performance (in-role behaviour) is behaviour that contributes to the organizations core. More specifically, task performance involves behaviour that contributes to the organizations work environment (Borman Motowidlo, 1993). There can be said that task performance contributes directly to the work environment of an organization but how about the second level.The second level is contextual performance (extra-role behaviour). According to Borman Motowidlo (1993) contextual performance can be tagged as behaviour that does not directly contribute to organizational performance but contextual performance supports the psychological and social environment. Gellatly Irving (2001) argue that contextual performance (extra-role behaviour) helps form the organizational, social, and psychological conditions that support task activities. This is why contextual performance is also called extra-role behaviour. This behaviour is additional (extra) to an employees behaviour. Contextual performance helps employees to improve their performance by listening to other colleagues.Beal (2005) developed a theoretical substruction for examining changes in job performance. When examining dynamic performance individuals variability in performance will be measured over time. To find differences in job performance the manager has to select variables to measure the variability over time. A large amount of researchers argue that different variables can find variability over time. However, researchers do not agree which variables that will be. Job performance is an important variable in human resourcefulness management and organizational behaviour (Viswesvaran, Schmidt, Ones, 2005).A well known way to measure job performance is by gender. As we know, there are still lots of differences between male and female. An example for the differences between gender at work is payroll and promotion. McKay McDaniel (2006), Roth, Huffcutt, Bobko (2003) argue that there is a sufficient consistent that males receive a more favourable performance evaluation than females receive. Those higher performance evaluations can have a positive influence on promotions within an organization (Greenhaus Parasuraman, 1993). When employees of an organization receive higher evaluations they are a better candidate for promotion than someone who has a lower evaluation. Gender differences in measures of job performance can have influence on many other variables than only promotions. Another variable that can have influences is payment (Robertson, 1986). The differences in payment can have a negative influence on the trust and the satisfaction of an employee. When an employee of an organization is getting fewer loan than his colleague with the same job translation the trust and satisfaction will decrease (King et al., 2010). A direct effect on loan is lateness, absenteeism, and turnover and achieves goals (Harrison, Newman, Roth, 2006).Influence on job performanceThe previous paragraphs discussed the task performance and contextual performance. Researchers found that task as contextual performance have influences on job performance. Task performance has a direct effect on the performance. Task performance or in-role behaviour is behaviour that contributes to the core of an organizat ion. Contextual performance indirectly contributes to an organizations performance Gellatyl Irving (2001). Contextual performance (extra-role behaviour) influences the social environment of an employee and not the core of an organization like task performance. Not only task and contextual performance (or in-role or extra-role behaviour) affects the job performance. Stress is also a variable that influences the job performance.Researchers have found a relation between work stressors and job performance. According to Jex (1998) this relationship depends on different factors that determine the stressors. Cavanaugh (2000) found that quarrel stressors are positively related with job performance but, hindrance stressors are negatively associated with job performance. A lot of people think that stress always has a negative relationship with job performance but this literature displays the opposite. Stress can be positive in the challenge manner but can also be negative if the stress forc es you to do things (Cavanaugh 2000). An example of challenge could be that account managers should reach their goals/targets each month. During this period of time, account managers have positive stress because they want to reach their goals/targets. An example of a hindrance stressor is that somebody wants to book a room in a hotel but all rooms are booked and his flight is tomorrow. This is a hindrance stressor because the booker is hampered in his choice and this can have a negative effect on his performance.Stress has a lot to do with emotional feelings. Negative stress like hindrance can cause emotional debilitation (Cordes Dougherty, 1993). worked up exhaustion can be measured individually or in groups. During this paper, when we talk about emotional exhaustion, the individual emotional exhaustion is intended. Emotional exhaustion is the moment when employees feel emotionally overwhelmed and drained by their work (Leiter Maslach, 1988 Wilk Moynihan, 2005). Cordes Dougher ty (1993) also add that a consequence of emotional exhaustion can cause a lack of energy and a bad feeling to an employee. Emotional exhaustion happens more frequently because organizations are asking more and more from their employees regarding righteousness and job performance (Klein Verbeke 1999).According to Lee Ashforth (1996) emotional exhaustion can have consequences for an organization. When an employee has an emotional exhaustion his withdrawal behaviour can increase. Babakus, Cravens, Johnston Moncrief (1999) add that it also can decrease the job performance. Managers prefer not that their employees get emotionally exhausted. According to Cohen Wills (1985) managers might identify targets more effectively for the emotional support of their employees to leaven the job performance.By using the conservation of resources (COR) theory, researchers can clarify how feelings of emotional exhaustion can influence job performance. According to the COR theory, individuals becom e more emotionally exhausted when they do not have enough resources to do their job. The resources may include participation in decision making and social support by managers (Cordes Dougherty, 1993). The COR theory also argues that work asks a lot from employees. When demands exceed resources job performance can be reduced (Babakus 1999). Hobfoll Freedy (1993) and Hobfoll (1998) both found a negative relation between emotional exhaustion and job performance by using the COR theory.ConclusionDuring this chapter two types of job performance are found called task and contextual performance (also known as in-role and extra-role behaviour). Task performance is the performance that has a direct contribution to the operations core. Unlike task performance, contextual performance does not contribute to the operations core but it supports the social environment. These are the two main differences between task performance and contextual performance. These two types of performance have an i nfluence in the job performance and they can be measured. Research has found that different variables can influence the job performance. In this chapter gender and stressors are used to find out how performance can be measured. Nowadays there are still a lot of differences between male and female. Researchers have found that males receive better performance reviews than females. These performance reviews can have an effect on the motivation of that specific employee. Not only performance reviews but also stressors can have an influence on the job performance. There are positive and negative stressors. The negative stressors have a negative influence on the job performance. A negative stressors can for example be a black out. The positive stressors can have a positive effect on the job performance. When employees have a certain pressure to perform the stressors can be positive. The positive stressors can have a positive influence on the job performance.Chapter 4 The relationship betw een work motivation and job performanceThe previous chapters discussed work motivation and the job performance separately. This chapter will combine work motivation and job performance. For managers it is essential to know how they can motivate their employees and if this has an influence on the job performance. If there is a positive connection between work motivation and job performance, managers can use information from the analysis mentioned in chapter 2 (work motivation) to improve the job performance. As we know, if the job performance increases the profit and turnover will increase inherently.Work motivation and job performanceResearchers have found a positive connection between intrinsic motivation and job performance. According to Humphrey (2007) intrinsic motivation is positively related to work performance, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Job self-sufficiency is also inherent to intrinsic motivation (Morgeson, Delaney-klinger, Hemingway, 2005). When empl oyees are intrinsically motivated their satisfaction and enjoy is higher than an employee who is extrinsically motivated. Because of the intrinsic motivation of the employee, the autonomy will increase as well (Parker, 1998). This is for managers important data because, the higher autonomy of employees the more individuality the employee has. The manager can give more support to other employees by who the autonomy is lower.Another relationship between motivation and performance has been found. Researchers found a positive connection between intrinsic work motivation and task performance (Morgeson et al. 2005). If employees have a certain pleasure and satisfaction when they are at work, this will have a positive effect on the work activities. According to Grouzet, Vallerand, Thill Provencher (2004) individuals who are intrinsically motivated perform better in their tasks because they find their tasks enjoyable and interesting. They also find that participation in those specific task s is like a reward (Deci et al. 1989). This is in line with the study of Morgeson (2005). Morgeson (2005) also found that the progress of the work activities is inherent to the job performance (Morgeson et al. 2005). Therefore the better the employees work activities the better the job performance.Finally, Gagn and Deci (2005) found that employees who have a high intrinsic motivation are more involved in their jobs and they have a greater goal attainment than employees who have a lower intrinsic motivation. According to Humphrey (2007) employees who are intrinsically motivation not only have a greater goal to attainment but, they also have a greater responsibility and volition to perform better and to be successful in the organization. The connections above are interesting because a large amount of researchers agree in the concept that intrinsic motivation influences the job performance positively.Not only employees who are intrinsically motivated have an influence on the job perfor mance. Researchers have also found that employees who are extrinsically motivated have a positive effect on the job performance. A positive connection betw

Comparing the Life of Tennessee Williams and Glass Menagerie Essay

Parallels in the Life of Tennessee Williams and The Glass Menagerie Tennessee Williams is one the major writers of the mid-twentieth century. His work includes the plays, The Glass Menagerie and A Streetcar Named Desire. One foundation of The Glass Menagerie is that hopeful aspirations are followed by inevitable disappointments. This theme is common throughout all of Williams work and throughout his own life as well. It is shown through the use of symbols and characters. I have only one major theme for my work, which is the destructive impact of society on the sensitive non-conformist individual (Williams Netscape). Symbols foster to show the dreams and desires that the characters long for and also the restrictions that keep them from fulfilling those dreams. In The Glass Menagerie, the s decision word escape exemplifys the way for Amanda Wingfield to bring a man into the house to save her and her daughter. To Tom, the fire escape is a means of escape from the house that traps him- a path to the outside world (Susquehanna. New Critical). Rainbows in The Glass Menagerie symbolize hope and are associated with hopeful situations (Susquehanna. New Critical.) When Tom Wingfield receives a rainbow-colored scarf at the magic show, he is amazed at the fact it turned a bowl of goldfish into flying canaries. Just like the canaries, Tom hopes to fly away- fly away to escape his imprisonment (Susquehanna. New Critical). At the end of the play when Tom looks at the pieces of colored glass, like bits of a shattered rainbow (Williams 137), he remembers that he has left his sister behind and prays that he will be able to move on without her. Even though the rainbows appear to be positive signs throughout the book, they eventually all... ...s something they can relate to. His honesty through his belles-lettres brings hope to people looking for it. Works Cited Haley, Darryl. Certain Moral Values A Rhetoric of Outcasts in the Plays of Tennessee Wililiams. 1997 < http //www.angelfire.com/al/haley002/Proctectus.html > Susquehanna University. New Critical. Online Posting. < http//www.susqu.edu/ac_depts/arts_sci/english/lharris/class/williams/new.htm > Susquehanna University. biographical Criticism. Online Posting. < http//www.susqu.edu/ac_depts/arts_sci/english/lharris/class/williams/auto.htm > Biography of Tennessee Williams Playwright, Poet, and Screenwriter. American Decades CDROM 1.0. Detroit Gale Research, 1998 Weales, Geralt. Tennessee Williams. Scribner Writer Series, Comprehensive Edition. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1997.

The Use of Chiasmus to Highlight the Irony of Slavery in Narrative of t

The Use of Chiasmus to Highlight the Irony of Slavery in Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass tally to Barton and Hudsons Contemporary Guide to Literary Terms, a chiasmus is a rhetorical scheme that is particularly effective in creating irony through the reversal of accepted truths or familiar ideas (189). Frederick Douglass uses the chiasmus throughout his Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave to highlight the irony of buckle downrys existence in a country that was built upon the ideals of freedom. Throughout his autobiography, we examine several specific instances of chiasmus that cause the reader to pause and focus on the point that Douglass is trying to make. Each chiasmus is placed in an important point of the textual matter (and, therefore, an important point of Douglass life) and calls attention to that passages significance.Let us begin with what is, perhaps, the most famous Douglass quotation You have seen how a man was made a slave you sh all see how a slave was made a man (64). This sentence serves as the turning point, the climax, of both Douglass narrative and his life. Up until that point, throughout his entire life, the creative activity had been busy making him a slave. From the moment he was born to a slave mother (even though his father was white), the forces of slavery had been suffocating his valetity. When he was forcibly separated from his mother, he lost the human closeness of family. When he helplessly witnessed his aunt being brutally beaten and was subjected to repeated beatings himself, he lost the human sense of pride. And, when he was denied education and literacy, he lost the human ability to obtain knowledge. In all of these ways, society turned Frederick Douglass, a man, int... ...ee nation. Douglass marks his fault from slave to man with a chiasmus just before his fight with Mr. Covey. He used two more to highlight events that led up to that climactic afternoon one contrasting the will of the master and that of the slave, and other contrasting the freedom of the ships with Fredericks own bondage in slavery. Finally, Douglass uses a chiasmus to highlight the disparity between the free, near-utopian North, and the slaveholding, pungent South. His masterful use of the rhetorical tool of chiasmus allowed Frederick Douglass to expertly exhibit the irony of slavery to an entire nation.Works CitedBarton, Edwin J. and Glenda A. Hudson. A Contemporary Guide to Literary Terms. capital of Massachusetts Houghton Mifflin, 2004.Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. New York Barnes & Noble Classics, 2003.